The Congress Movement, based on primary and secondary sources including some 80 interviews dating back to the early 1960s, uniquely combines narrative and analysis. Volume 3 explores how the ANC emerges and stps into its primary role as a national liberation movement resulting from a complex process stretching from the 1920s to the beginning of the 1960s. A key theme in this context is the integral role of the then Congress Youth League leaders such as Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, and Oliver Tambo. CONTENTS: • SEARCHING FOR THE ADEQUATE FORM OF THE UNITED FRONT, 1928-34: THREATS TO THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS''S PRIMARY ROLE. • Threats to the African National Congress''s Primary Role. • The ANC-ICU 1928 Decision to Cooperate: With an Anti-Communist Rider: Issue of Passes, 1928-30. • What Kind of Organisation Was the LAR? • Mahabane Takes the Lead in Calling for an African Convention. • Mahabane''s Policy of a Black-White Round Table and Declaration of Rights, 1929 ANC Conference. • The Communists'' Attitude to Mahabane''s Policies. • Mahabane and Communism, 1929. • Maneuvers to Dismantle the ANC''s Primary Role, 1926-30. • Gumede Loses the Congress Presidency. • Plans to Restructure the ANC on the Basis of Employees'' Organisations: Ballinger''s Role. • The Non-European Conference. • AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS AT THE TIME OF THE SEME PRESIDENCY, 1930-37: THE ORGANISATION''S CONGRESS CHARACTER IS ENDANGERED. • The Organisation''s Congress Character is Endangered. • Seme''s Political Positions at the Time of the Founding of the Congress. • The New Seme Constitution. • Seme and the Upper House at the Time of the Mahabane Presidency, 1937-40. • Seme, Business. • Fate of the Heaton Nicholls Initiative in the Framework of the Joint Select Committee. • African National Congress Leaders and the Nicholls Plan. • State of the African National Congress in the First Half of the 1930s. • Liberals Prime DDT Jabavu as African Leader on the Franchise Proposals. • Congress Leaders Call for an All-African Convention: The Regional Conferences. • The All-African Convention, 1935. • Maneuvers Around the "Compromise" of 1936. • Thema, Dube, and Seme and the "Compromise." • Seme''s Removal at the 1937 Conference: Mahabane Puts the African National Congress Back on Course. • THE ALL-AFRICAN CONVENTION AND THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS, 1937-48: A FEDERAL OR UNITARY PRINCIPLE? • A Federal or Unitary Principle? • Kadalie''s Response to the All-African Convention. • Was the All-African Convention a New Social Movement? • The Communists'' Attitude to the All-African Convention. • Reservations About the All-African Convention and Early Moves to Revive the African National Congress. • The All-African Convention Challenge is Defeated. • The ANC Adopts a New Constitution in 1943. • Xuma and the All-African Convention: Non-European Unity Movement, Including the "Meeting of the 12 Leaders." • THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS UNDER ZUMA, 1940-49: TO WHAT EXTENT WAS IT A BREAK WITH A PREVIOUS ERA? • To What Extent Was It a Break With the Previous Era? • Were Congress Councillors on the Native Representative Council Mandated by the ANC? • Division of Labor Between Z.K. Matthews and Xuma: The 1943 NRC Recess Committee on Representation. • A New Phase Opens With Africans'' Claims. • The Pass Campaign, 1943-46. • The Crisis Conditions of 1946. • Xuma, Congress, and Trade Unionism. • Xuma''s Evidence to the Native Mine Wages Commission of 1943. • Prelude to the African Mine Workers'' Strike. • The African Mine Workers'' Strike, 1946. • The Communists and the Question of a Non-European Trade Union Federation. • What Was Xuma''s Attitude Towards the Mine Strike? • Adjournment of the Native Representative Council and the Smuts Proposals. • Xuma, the ANC, and the Boycott of the NRC. • Xuma and Organisation. • Growing Political Role of Indian Leaders. • The People''s Assembly of 1948: Problems of the United Front. • PHASE OF THE PROGRAMME OF ACTION, 1948-50: A COMPLICATED HISTORICAL JUNCTURE. • A Complicated Historical Juncture. • The ANC and the General Election of 1948. • Emergence of the Youth League: What Was Its Strategy? • The CYL''s Programme for a New South Africa. • The Issue of a Programme of Action Prior to the ANC''s 1948 Conference. • The ANC Annual Conference, December 1948, and a Programme of Action. • Efforts to Draft a Programme of Action During 1949. • Response of the Communists to the Programme. • The Difficulties of Leading Youth Leaguers with the Defend Free Speech Convention, 1950. • Suppression of Communism Act: Mandela, Tambo, Sisulu Jettison Anti-Communism. • CHAMPION, MSIMANG, AND THEMA LEAVE THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS, 1951-1952: END OF AN ERA. • End of an Era. • The CYL and Radical Democracy. • The CYL and Trade Unionism: The CYL''s Attitude to the ICU. • Kadalie''s Last Years. • Champion''s Efforts to Secure the Role of "Leader of Natal." • Champion''s Growing Irritation with the ANC. • Natal, the National Fund, the Afrikaner Nationalists, and the Zulu Royal House. • African-Indian Confrontation in Durban: The 1949 Riots. • Champion''s Attitude to the Youth Leaguers and to the Programme of Action. • Msimang Turns Against Champion and Lutuli Takes Over the Natal Leadership. • The Baloyi Issue, Congress, and Afrikaner Nationalists. • Selope Thema''s Role in Congress, 1946-49. • Thema in 1949. • Establishment of the National-Minded Bloc. • The National-Minded Bloc, Business, and "Economic Independence." • The Youth Leaguers and the National-Minded Bloc. • Common Basis of Thema, Champion, and Msimang Leave the ANC. • Defiance Campaign, 1952. Xuma and the ANC, Late 1940s/Early 1950s, Including His Attitude to the Defiance Campaign. • Postscript: How Did Xuma Come to Turn Against the ANC? • LUTULI AND MANDELA, 1952-61: THE MAHABANE HERITAGE. • The Mahabane Heritage. • The Problem of a United Front with the Liberal Party. • The ANC, the Liberal Party, and the COP. • What Influences Shaped the Freedom Charter? • The Land Shall Be Shared Among Those Who Work It. • What Organisation or Organisational Framework Was Responsible for the Charter? • Lutuli and the Freedom Charter. • The M-Plan: Preparation for Revolution? • The M-Plan and the South African Congress of Trade Unions. • The 1958 ANC Constitution and the Question of Centralisation. • Political Orientation of the IDAMF. • All-in African Conference, October 1956. • Multiracial Conference, December 1957: The Question of the Broad Front. • Proceedings of the Multiracial Conference. • Was the Multiracial Conference Simply a Dead End? • Dialogue Continues. • Liberal Party-ANC Relationship in the Late 1950s. • The PAC. • Why Did the ANC Leadership Prevaricate on the Issue of a Pass Campaign? • Growing Lack of Confidence in the Method of Mass Campaigns. • Crisis Symptoms in the Economy. • "Sharpeville": Was it a Herald of Revolution or Counter-Revolution? • Conceptual Considerations in Relation to the Call for a National Convention, 1960-61. • Consultative Conference, December 1960, and All-in African Conference, March 1961.